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HBase快速导入数据--BulkLoad

作者:本站整理 时间:2015-07-10


  Apache HBase是一个分布式的、面向列的开源数据库,它可以让我们随机的、实时的访问大数据。但是怎样有效的将数据导入到HBase呢?HBase有多种导入数据的方法,最直接的方法就是在MapReduce作业中使用TableOutputFormat作为输出,或者使用标准的客户端API,但是这些都不非常有效的方法。
 
  Bulkload利用MapReduce作业输出HBase内部数据格式的表数据,然后将生成的StoreFiles直接导入到集群中。与使用HBase API相比,使用Bulkload导入数据占用更少的CPU和网络资源。
 
  Bulkload过程主要包括三部分:
 
  1.从数据源(通常是文本文件或其他的数据库)提取数据并上传到HDFS
 
  这一步不在HBase的考虑范围内,不管数据源是什么,只要在进行下一步之前将数据上传到HDFS即可。
 
  2.利用一个MapReduce作业准备数据
 
  这一步需要一个MapReduce作业,并且大多数情况下还需要我们自己编写Map函数,而Reduce函数不需要我们考虑,由HBase提供。该作业需要使用rowkey(行键)作为输出Key,KeyValue、Put或者Delete作为输出Value。MapReduce作业需要使用HFileOutputFormat2来生成HBase数据文件。为了有效的导入数据,需要配置HFileOutputFormat2使得每一个输出文件都在一个合适的区域中。为了达到这个目的,MapReduce作业会使用Hadoop的TotalOrderPartitioner类根据表的key值将输出分割开来。HFileOutputFormat2的方法configureIncrementalLoad()会自动的完成上面的工作。
 
  3.告诉RegionServers数据的位置并导入数据
 
  这一步是最简单的,通常需要使用LoadIncrementalHFiles(更为人所熟知是completebulkload工具),将文件在HDFS上的位置传递给它,它就会利用RegionServer将数据导入到相应的区域。
 
  下图简单明确的说明了整个过程
 

 
  Note:在进行BulkLoad之前,要在HBase中创建与程序中同名且结构相同的空表
 
  Java实现如下:
 
  BulkLoadDriver.java
 
  import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
  import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configured;
  import org.apache.hadoop.fs.FileSystem;
  import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.TableName;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Connection;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.ConnectionFactory;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.mapreduce.HFileOutputFormat2;
  import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Job;
  import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.FileInputFormat;
  import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.input.TextInputFormat;
  import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.lib.output.FileOutputFormat;
  import org.apache.hadoop.util.Tool;
  import org.apache.hadoop.util.ToolRunner;
  /**
  * Created by shaobo on 15-6-9.
  */
  public class BulkLoadDriver extends Configured implements Tool {
  private static final String DATA_SEPERATOR = "\\s+";
  private static final String TABLE_NAME = "temperature";//表名
  private static final String COLUMN_FAMILY_1="date";//列组1
  private static final String COLUMN_FAMILY_2="tempPerHour";//列组2
  public static void main(String[] args) {
  try {
  int response = ToolRunner.run(HBaseConfiguration.create(), new BulkLoadDriver(), args);
  if(response == 0) {
  System.out.println("Job is successfully completed...");
  } else {
  System.out.println("Job failed...");
  }
  } catch(Exception exception) {
  exception.printStackTrace();
  }
  }
  public int run(String[] args) throws Exception {
  String outputPath = args[1];
  /**
  * 设置作业参数
  */
  Configuration configuration = getConf();
  configuration.set("data.seperator", DATA_SEPERATOR);
  configuration.set("hbase.table.name", TABLE_NAME);
  configuration.set("COLUMN_FAMILY_1", COLUMN_FAMILY_1);
  configuration.set("COLUMN_FAMILY_2", COLUMN_FAMILY_2);
  Job job = Job.getInstance(configuration, "Bulk Loading HBase Table::" + TABLE_NAME);
  job.setJarByClass(BulkLoadDriver.class);
  job.setInputFormatClass(TextInputFormat.class);
  job.setMapOutputKeyClass(ImmutableBytesWritable.class);//指定输出键类
  job.setMapOutputValueClass(Put.class);//指定输出值类
  job.setMapperClass(BulkLoadMapper.class);//指定Map函数
  FileInputFormat.addInputPaths(job, args[0]);//输入路径
  FileSystem fs = FileSystem.get(configuration);
  Path output = new Path(outputPath);
  if (fs.exists(output)) {
  fs.delete(output, true);//如果输出路径存在,就将其删除
  }
  FileOutputFormat.setOutputPath(job, output);//输出路径
  Connection connection = ConnectionFactory.createConnection(configuration);
  TableName tableName = TableName.valueOf(TABLE_NAME);
  HFileOutputFormat2.configureIncrementalLoad(job, connection.getTable(tableName), connection.getRegionLocator(tableName));
  job.waitForCompletion(true);
  if (job.isSuccessful()){
  HFileLoader.doBulkLoad(outputPath, TABLE_NAME);//导入数据
  return 0;
  } else {
  return 1;
  }
  }
  }
 
  BulkLoadMapper.java
 
  import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.Put;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.io.ImmutableBytesWritable;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.util.Bytes;
  import org.apache.hadoop.io.LongWritable;
  import org.apache.hadoop.io.Text;
  import org.apache.hadoop.mapreduce.Mapper;
  /**
  * Created by shaobo on 15-6-9.
  */
  public class BulkLoadMapper extends Mapper<LongWritable, Text, ImmutableBytesWritable, Put> {
  private String hbaseTable;
  private String dataSeperator;
  private String columnFamily1;
  private String columnFamily2;
  public void setup(Context context) {
  Configuration configuration = context.getConfiguration();//获取作业参数
  hbaseTable = configuration.get("hbase.table.name");
  dataSeperator = configuration.get("data.seperator");
  columnFamily1 = configuration.get("COLUMN_FAMILY_1");
  columnFamily2 = configuration.get("COLUMN_FAMILY_2");
  }
  public void map(LongWritable key, Text value, Context context){
  try {
  String[] values = value.toString().split(dataSeperator);
  ImmutableBytesWritable rowKey = new ImmutableBytesWritable(values[0].getBytes());
  Put put = new Put(Bytes.toBytes(values[0]));
  put.addColumn(Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily1), Bytes.toBytes("month"), Bytes.toBytes(values[1]));
  put.addColumn(Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily1), Bytes.toBytes("day"), Bytes.toBytes(values[2]));
  for (int i = 3; i < values.length; ++i){
  put.addColumn(Bytes.toBytes(columnFamily2), Bytes.toBytes("hour : " + i), Bytes.toBytes(values[i]));
  }
  context.write(rowKey, put);
  } catch(Exception exception) {
  exception.printStackTrace();
  }
  }
  }
 
  HFileLoader.java
  
  import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
  import org.apache.hadoop.fs.Path;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.client.HTable;
  import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.mapreduce.LoadIncrementalHFiles;
  /**
  * Created by shaobo on 15-6-9.
  */
  public class HFileLoader {
  public static void doBulkLoad(String pathToHFile, String tableName){
  try {
  Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
  HBaseConfiguration.addHbaseResources(configuration);
  LoadIncrementalHFiles loadFfiles = new LoadIncrementalHFiles(configuration);
  HTable hTable = new HTable(configuration, tableName);//指定表名
  loadFfiles.doBulkLoad(new Path(pathToHFile), hTable);//导入数据
  System.out.println("Bulk Load Completed..");
  } catch(Exception exception) {
  exception.printStackTrace();
  }
  }
  }
 
  将程序编译打包,提交到Hadoop运行
 
  HADOOP_CLASSPATH=$(hbase mapredcp):/path/to/hbase/conf hadoop jar BulkLoad.jar inputpath outputpath
 
  上述命令用法可参考44. HBase, MapReduce, and the CLASSPATH
 
  作业运行情况:
 
  15/06/14 14:31:07 INFO mapreduce.HFileOutputFormat2: Looking up current regions for table temperature(表名)
  15/06/14 14:31:07 INFO mapreduce.HFileOutputFormat2: Configuring 1 reduce partitions to match current region count
  15/06/14 14:31:07 INFO mapreduce.HFileOutputFormat2: Writing partition information to /home/shaobo/hadoop/tmp/partitions_5d464f1e-d412-4dbe-bb98-367f8431bdc9
  15/06/14 14:31:07 INFO zlib.ZlibFactory: Successfully loaded & initialized native-zlib library
  15/06/14 14:31:07 INFO compress.CodecPool: Got brand-new compressor [.deflate]
  15/06/14 14:31:08 INFO mapreduce.HFileOutputFormat2: Incremental table temperature(表名) output configured.
  15/06/14 14:31:08 INFO client.RMProxy: Connecting to ResourceManager at localhost/127.0.0.1:8032
  15/06/14 14:31:15 INFO input.FileInputFormat: Total input paths to process : 2
  15/06/14 14:31:15 INFO mapreduce.JobSubmitter: number of splits:2
  15/06/14 14:31:16 INFO mapreduce.JobSubmitter: Submitting tokens for job: job_1434262360688_0002
  15/06/14 14:31:17 INFO impl.YarnClientImpl: Submitted application application_1434262360688_0002
  15/06/14 14:31:17 INFO mapreduce.Job: The url to track the job: http://shaobo-ThinkPad-E420:8088/proxy/application_1434262360688_0002/
  15/06/14 14:31:17 INFO mapreduce.Job: Running job: job_1434262360688_0002
  15/06/14 14:31:28 INFO mapreduce.Job: Job job_1434262360688_0002 running in uber mode : false
  15/06/14 14:31:28 INFO mapreduce.Job:  map 0% reduce 0%
  15/06/14 14:32:24 INFO mapreduce.Job:  map 49% reduce 0%
  15/06/14 14:32:37 INFO mapreduce.Job:  map 67% reduce 0%
  15/06/14 14:32:43 INFO mapreduce.Job:  map 100% reduce 0%
  15/06/14 14:33:39 INFO mapreduce.Job:  map 100% reduce 67%
  15/06/14 14:33:42 INFO mapreduce.Job:  map 100% reduce 70%
  15/06/14 14:33:45 INFO mapreduce.Job:  map 100% reduce 88%
  15/06/14 14:33:48 INFO mapreduce.Job:  map 100% reduce 100%
  15/06/14 14:33:52 INFO mapreduce.Job: Job job_1434262360688_0002 completed successfully
  ...
  ...
  ...
  15/06/14 14:34:02 WARN mapreduce.LoadIncrementalHFiles: Skipping non-directory hdfs://localhost:9000/user/output/_SUCCESS
  15/06/14 14:34:03 INFO hfile.CacheConfig: CacheConfig:disabled
  15/06/14 14:34:03 INFO hfile.CacheConfig: CacheConfig:disabled
  15/06/14 14:34:07 INFO mapreduce.LoadIncrementalHFiles: Trying to load hfile=hdfs://localhost:9000/user/output/date/c64cd2524fba48738bab26630d550b61 first=AQW00061705 last=USW00094910
  15/06/14 14:34:07 INFO mapreduce.LoadIncrementalHFiles: Trying to load hfile=hdfs://localhost:9000/user/output/tempPerHour/43af29456913444795a820544691eb3d first=AQW00061705 last=USW00094910
  Bulk Load Completed..
  Job is successfully completed...
 
  BulLoad过程的第三步也可以在用MapReduce作业生成HBase数据文件后在命令行中进行,不一定要与MapReduce过程写在一起。
 
  $ hadoop jar hbase-server-VERSION.jar completebulkload [-c /path/to/hbase/config/hbase-site.xml] outputpath tablename
 
  参考资料:
 
  http://hbase.apache.org/book.html#arch.bulk.load
  http://blog.cloudera.com/blog/2013/09/how-to-use-hbase-bulk-loading-and-why/
 

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